# Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research

## Documentation for package ‘psych’ version 2.6.5

- DESCRIPTION file.
- User guides, package vignettes and other documentation.
- Package NEWS.

## Help Pages

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y misc

psych-package | A package for personality, psychometric, and psychological research

## -- A --

acs | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
alpha | Find two estimates of reliability: Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's Lambda 6.
alpha.ci | Find two estimates of reliability: Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's Lambda 6.
alpha.scale | Find two estimates of reliability: Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's Lambda 6.
alpha2r | Find two estimates of reliability: Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's Lambda 6.
anova.psych | Model comparison for regression, mediation, cluster and factor analysis
AUC | Decision Theory measures of specificity, sensitivity, and d prime
auc | Decision Theory measures of specificity, sensitivity, and d prime
autoR | Find von Neuman's Mean Square of Successive Differences

## -- B --

bassAckward | The Bass-Ackward factoring algorithm discussed by Goldberg
bassAckward.diagram | The Bass-Ackward factoring algorithm discussed by Goldberg
Bechtoldt | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
Bechtoldt.1 | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
Bechtoldt.2 | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
bestItems | A bootstrap aggregation function for choosing most predictive unit weighted items
bestScales | A bootstrap aggregation function for choosing most predictive unit weighted items
bfi | 25 Personality items representing 5 factors
bfi.dictionary | 25 Personality items representing 5 factors
bfi.keys | 25 Personality items representing 5 factors
bi.bars | Draw pairs of bargraphs based on two groups
bifactor | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
bigCor | Find large correlation matrices by stitching together smaller ones found more rapidly
biPlot | Draw biplots of factor or component scores by factor or component loadings
biplot.psych | Draw biplots of factor or component scores by factor or component loadings
biquartimin | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
BISCUIT | A bootstrap aggregation function for choosing most predictive unit weighted items
biscuit | A bootstrap aggregation function for choosing most predictive unit weighted items
BISCWIT | A bootstrap aggregation function for choosing most predictive unit weighted items
biscwit | A bootstrap aggregation function for choosing most predictive unit weighted items
biserial | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
block.random | Create a block randomized structure for n independent variables
bock | Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT
bock.lsat | Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT
bock.table | Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT

## -- C --

cancorDiagram | Perform and Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) by using factor extension techniques
cattell | 12 cognitive variables from Cattell (1963)
cd.validity | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
CFA | Confirmatory Factor Analysis Without Iteration
CFA.bifactor | Confirmatory Factor Analysis Without Iteration
char2numeric | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
Chen | 12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman Transformation
chi2r | Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
circ.sim | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structure
circ.sim.plot | Simulations of circumplex and simple structure
circ.simulation | Simulations of circumplex and simple structure
circ.tests | Apply four tests of circumplex versus simple structure
circadian.cor | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
circadian.F | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
circadian.linear.cor | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
circadian.mean | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
circadian.phase | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
circadian.reliability | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
circadian.sd | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
circadian.stats | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
circular.cor | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
circular.mean | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
cluster.cor | Find correlations of composite variables (corrected for overlap) from a larger matrix.
cluster.fit | cluster Fit: fit of the cluster model to a correlation matrix
cluster.loadings | Find item by cluster correlations, corrected for overlap and reliability
cluster.plot | Plot factor/cluster loadings and assign items to clusters by their highest loading.
cluster2keys | Convert a cluster vector (from e.g., kmeans) to a keys matrix suitable for scoring item clusters.
cohen.d | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
cohen.d.by | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
cohen.d.ci | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
cohen.kappa | Find Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa coefficients for correlation of two raters
cohen.profile | Matrix and profile congruences and distances
cohenPooled | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
comorbidity | Convert base rates of two diagnoses and their comorbidity into phi, Yule, and tetrachorics
con2cat | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structure
congeneric.sim | Simulate a congeneric data set with or without minor factors
congruence | Matrix and profile congruences and distances
cor.ci | Bootstrapped and normal confidence intervals for raw and composite correlations
cor.plot | Create an image plot for a correlation or factor matrix
cor.plot.upperLowerCi | Create an image plot for a correlation or factor matrix
cor.smooth | Smooth a non-positive definite correlation matrix to make it positive definite
cor.smoother | Smooth a non-positive definite correlation matrix to make it positive definite
cor.wt | The sample size weighted correlation may be used in correlating aggregated data
cor2 | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
cor2cov | Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
cor2dist | Convert correlations to distances (necessary to do multidimensional scaling of correlation data)
corCi | Bootstrapped and normal confidence intervals for raw and composite correlations
corFiml | Find a Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) correlation or covariance matrix from a data matrix with missing data
corInfo | Find the correlations, sample sizes, and probability values between elements of a matrix or data.frame.
corPlot | Create an image plot for a correlation or factor matrix
corPlotUpperLowerCi | Create an image plot for a correlation or factor matrix
corr.p | Find the correlations, sample sizes, and probability values between elements of a matrix or data.frame.
corr.test | Find the correlations, sample sizes, and probability values between elements of a matrix or data.frame.
correct.cor | Find dis-attenuated correlations given correlations and reliabilities
corTest | Find the correlations, sample sizes, and probability values between elements of a matrix or data.frame.
cortest | Chi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.
cortest.bartlett | Bartlett's test that a correlation matrix is an identity matrix
cortest.jennrich | Chi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.
cortest.mat | Chi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.
cortest.normal | Chi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.
cosinor | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
cosinor.period | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
cosinor.plot | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
count.pairwise | Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.
crossValidation | Multiple Regression, Canonical and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
crossValidationBoot | Multiple Regression, Canonical and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
cs | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
cta | Simulate the C(ues) T(endency) A(ction) model of motivation
cta.15 | Simulate the C(ues) T(endency) A(ction) model of motivation

## -- D --

d.ci | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
d.robust | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
d2CL | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
d2OVL | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
d2OVL2 | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
d2r | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
d2t | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
d2U3 | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
densityBy | Create a 'violin plot' or density plot of the distribution of a set of variables
describe | Basic descriptive statistics useful for psychometrics
describe.by | Basic summary statistics by group
describeBy | Basic summary statistics by group
describeData | Basic descriptive statistics useful for psychometrics
describeFast | Basic descriptive statistics useful for psychometrics
dia.arrow | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.cone | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.curve | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.curved.arrow | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.ellipse | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.ellipse1 | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.rect | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.self | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.shape | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.triangle | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
diagram | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
directSl | Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation
distance | Matrix and profile congruences and distances
draw.cor | Draw a correlation ellipse and two normal curves to demonstrate tetrachoric correlation
draw.tetra | Draw a correlation ellipse and two normal curves to demonstrate tetrachoric correlation
dummy.code | Create dummy coded variables
Dwyer | 8 cognitive variables used by Dwyer for an example.

## -- E --

eigen.loadings | Convert eigen vectors and eigen values to the more normal (for psychologists) component loadings
eigenCi | Apply the Very Simple Structure, MAP, and other criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.
ellipses | Plot data and 1 and 2 sigma correlation ellipses
equamax | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
error.bars | Plot means and confidence intervals
error.bars.by | Plot means and confidence intervals for multiple groups
error.bars.tab | Plot means and confidence intervals
error.crosses | Plot x and y error bars
error.dots | Show a dot.chart with error bars for different groups or variables
errorCircles | Two way plots of means, error bars, and sample sizes
esem | Perform and Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) by using factor extension techniques
esem.diagram | Perform and Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) by using factor extension techniques
esemDiagram | Perform and Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) by using factor extension techniques
extension.diagram | Graph factor loading matrices

## -- F --

fa | Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
fa.congruence | Coefficient of factor congruence
fa.diagram | Graph factor loading matrices
fa.extend | Apply Dwyer's factor extension to find factor loadings for extended variables
fa.extension | Apply Dwyer's factor extension to find factor loadings for extended variables
fa.graph | Graph factor loading matrices
fa.lookup | A set of functions for factorial and empirical scale construction
fa.multi | Multi level (hierarchical) factor analysis
fa.multi.diagram | Multi level (hierarchical) factor analysis
fa.organize | Sort factor analysis or principal components analysis loadings
fa.parallel | Scree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random "parallel" matrices
fa.parallel.poly | Scree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random "parallel" matrices
fa.plot | Plot factor/cluster loadings and assign items to clusters by their highest loading.
fa.poly | Deprecated Exploratory Factor analysis functions. Please use fa
fa.pooled | Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
fa.random | A first approximation to Random Effects Exploratory Factor Analysis
fa.rgraph | Graph factor loading matrices
fa.sapa | Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
fa.sort | Sort factor analysis or principal components analysis loadings
fa.stats | Find various goodness of fit statistics for factor analysis and principal components
fa2irt | Item Response Analysis by Exploratory Factor Analysis of tetrachoric/polychoric correlations
faBy | Find statistics (including correlations) within and between groups for basic multilevel analyses
fac | Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
faCor | Correlations between two factor analysis solutions
factor.congruence | Coefficient of factor congruence
factor.fit | How well does the factor model fit a correlation matrix. Part of the VSS package
factor.minres | Deprecated Exploratory Factor analysis functions. Please use fa
factor.model | Find R = F F' + U2 is the basic factor model
factor.pa | Deprecated Exploratory Factor analysis functions. Please use fa
factor.plot | Plot factor/cluster loadings and assign items to clusters by their highest loading.
factor.residuals | R* = R- F F'
factor.rotate | "Hand" rotate a factor loading matrix
factor.scores | Various ways to estimate factor scores for the factor analysis model
factor.stats | Find various goodness of fit statistics for factor analysis and principal components
factor.wls | Deprecated Exploratory Factor analysis functions. Please use fa
factor2cluster | Extract cluster definitions from factor loadings
faReg | Apply Dwyer's factor extension to find factor loadings for extended variables
faRegression | Apply Dwyer's factor extension to find factor loadings for extended variables
faRotate | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
faRotations | Multiple rotations of factor loadings to find local minima
fisherz | Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
fisherz2r | Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
fparse | Parse and extend formula input from a model and return the DV(s), IV(s), and associated terms.
fromTo | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
fsi | Factor Score Indeterminacy estimates )

## -- G --

g2r | Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
Garcia | Data from the sexism (protest) study of Garcia, Schmitt, Branscome, and Ellemers (2010)
geometric.mean | Find the geometric mean of a vector or columns of a data.frame.
glb | Alternative estimates of test reliabiity
glb.algebraic | Find the greatest lower bound to reliability.
glb.fa | Alternative estimates of test reliabiity
Gleser | Example data from Gleser, Cronbach and Rajaratnam (1965) to show basic principles of generalizability theory.
Gorsuch | Example data set from Gorsuch (1997) for an example factor extension.
GSBE | Data from the sexism (protest) study of Garcia, Schmitt, Branscome, and Ellemers (2010)
guttman | Alternative estimates of test reliabiity

## -- H --

Harman | Six data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt
Harman.5 | Six data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt
Harman.8 | Six data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt
Harman.Burt | Six data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt
Harman.Holzinger | Six data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt
Harman.political | Six data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt
Harman_5 | Six data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt
harmonic.mean | Find the harmonic mean of a vector, matrix, or columns of a data.frame
headTail | Combine calls to head and tail
headtail | Combine calls to head and tail
het.diagram | Graph factor loading matrices
histBy | Multiple histograms with density and normal fits on one page
histo.density | Multiple histograms with density and normal fits on one page
Holzinger | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
Holzinger.9 | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.

## -- I --

ICC | Intraclass Correlations (ICC1, ICC2, ICC3 from Shrout and Fleiss)
ICLUST | iclust: Item Cluster Analysis - Hierarchical cluster analysis using psychometric principles
iclust | iclust: Item Cluster Analysis - Hierarchical cluster analysis using psychometric principles
ICLUST.cluster | Function to form hierarchical cluster analysis of items
ICLUST.diagram | Draw an ICLUST hierarchical cluster structure diagram
iclust.diagram | Draw an ICLUST hierarchical cluster structure diagram
ICLUST.graph | create control code for ICLUST graphical output
iclust.graph | create control code for ICLUST graphical output
ICLUST.rgraph | Draw an ICLUST graph using the Rgraphviz package
ICLUST.sort | Sort items by absolute size of cluster loadings
iclust.sort | Sort items by absolute size of cluster loadings
interbattery | Perform and Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) by using factor extension techniques
interp.boxplot | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.median | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.q | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.qplot.by | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.quantiles | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.quart | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.quartiles | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.values | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
irt.0p | Item Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) model
irt.1p | Item Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) model
irt.2p | Item Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) model
irt.CFA | Confirmatory Factor Analysis Without Iteration
irt.discrim | Simple function to estimate item difficulties using IRT concepts
irt.fa | Item Response Analysis by Exploratory Factor Analysis of tetrachoric/polychoric correlations
irt.item.diff.rasch | Simple function to estimate item difficulties using IRT concepts
irt.person.rasch | Item Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) model
irt.responses | Plot probability of multiple choice responses as a function of a latent trait
irt.se | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
irt.select | Item Response Analysis by Exploratory Factor Analysis of tetrachoric/polychoric correlations
irt.stats.like | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
irt.tau | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
isCorrelation | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
isCovariance | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
item.dichot | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structure
item.lookup | A set of functions for factorial and empirical scale construction
item.sim | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structure
item.validity | Find the predicted validities of a set of scales based on item statistics
itemSort | A set of functions for factorial and empirical scale construction

## -- K --

kaiser | Apply the Kaiser normalization when rotating factors
keys.lookup | A set of functions for factorial and empirical scale construction
keys2list | Create a keys matrix for use by score.items or cluster.cor
keysort | Find miniscales (parcels) of size 2 or 3 from a set of items
KMO | Find the Kaiser, Meyer, Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy
kurtosi | Calculate univariate or multivariate (Mardia's test) skew and kurtosis for a vector, matrix, or data.frame

## -- L --

lavaan.diagram | Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
lavParse | Parse and extend formula input from a model and return the DV(s), IV(s), and associated terms.
levels2numeric | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
lmCor | Multiple Regression, Canonical and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
lmCor.diagram | Multiple Regression, Canonical and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
lmCorLookup | A set of functions for factorial and empirical scale construction
lmDiagram | Multiple Regression, Canonical and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
logistic | Logistic transform from x to p and logit transform from p to x
logistic.grm | Logistic transform from x to p and logit transform from p to x
logit | Logistic transform from x to p and logit transform from p to x
lookup | A set of functions for factorial and empirical scale construction
lookupFromKeys | A set of functions for factorial and empirical scale construction
lookupItems | A set of functions for factorial and empirical scale construction
lowerCor | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
lowerMat | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
lowerUpper | Combine two square matrices to have a lower off diagonal for one, upper off diagonal for the other
lsat6 | Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT
lsat7 | Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT

## -- M --

m2d | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
m2t | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
make.congeneric | Simulate a congeneric data set with or without minor factors
make.hierarchical | Create a population or sample correlation matrix, perhaps with hierarchical structure.
make.irt.stats | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
make.keys | Create a keys matrix for use by score.items or cluster.cor
makePositiveKeys | Create a keys matrix for use by score.items or cluster.cor
manhattan | "Manhattan" plots of correlations with a set of criteria.
MAP | Apply the Very Simple Structure, MAP, and other criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.
mardia | Calculate univariate or multivariate (Mardia's test) skew and kurtosis for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
mat.regress | Multiple Regression, Canonical and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
mat.sort | Sort the elements of a correlation matrix to reflect factor loadings
matMult | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
matPlot | Multiple Regression, Canonical and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
matReg | Multiple Regression, Canonical and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
matrix.addition | A function to add two vectors or matrices
matSort | Sort the elements of a correlation matrix to reflect factor loadings
mediate | Estimate and display direct and indirect effects of mediators and moderator in path models
mediate.diagram | Estimate and display direct and indirect effects of mediators and moderator in path models
minkowski | Plot data and 1 and 2 sigma correlation ellipses
misc | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
mixed.cor | Find correlations for mixtures of continuous, polytomous, and dichotomous variables
mixedCor | Find correlations for mixtures of continuous, polytomous, and dichotomous variables
mlArrange | Find and plot various reliability/gneralizability coefficients for multilevel data
mlPlot | Find and plot various reliability/gneralizability coefficients for multilevel data
mlr | Find and plot various reliability/gneralizability coefficients for multilevel data
moderate.diagram | Estimate and display direct and indirect effects of mediators and moderator in path models
mssd | Find von Neuman's Mean Square of Successive Differences
multi.arrow | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
multi.curved.arrow | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
multi.hist | Multiple histograms with density and normal fits on one page
multi.rect | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
multi.self | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
multilevel.reliability | Find and plot various reliability/gneralizability coefficients for multilevel data

## -- N --

nchar2numeric | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
nfactors | Apply the Very Simple Structure, MAP, and other criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.

## -- O --

omega | Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation
omega.diagram | Graph hierarchical factor structures
omega.graph | Graph hierarchical factor structures
omegaDirect | Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation
omegaFromSem | Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation
omegah | Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation
omegaSem | Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation
omegaStats | Omega Statistics from a Factor Loading Matrix
outlier | Find and graph Mahalanobis squared distances to detect outliers

## -- P --

p.rep | Find the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect size
p.rep.f | Find the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect size
p.rep.r | Find the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect size
p.rep.t | Find the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect size
paired.r | Test the difference between (un)paired correlations
pairs.panels | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
pairwiseCount | Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.
pairwiseCountBig | Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.
pairwiseDescribe | Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.
pairwiseImpute | Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.
pairwisePlot | Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.
pairwiseReport | Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.
pairwiseSample | Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.
pairwiseZero | Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.
panel.cor | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.cor.scale | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.ellipse | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.hist | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.hist.density | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.lm | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.lm.ellipse | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.smoother | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
parcels | Find miniscales (parcels) of size 2 or 3 from a set of items
partial.r | Find the partial correlations for a set (x) of variables with set (y) removed.
paSelect | Scree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random "parallel" matrices
pca | Principal components analysis (PCA)
phi | Find the phi coefficient of correlation between two dichotomous variables
phi.demo | A simple demonstration of the Pearson, phi, and polychoric corelation
phi.list | Create factor model matrices from an input list
phi2poly | Convert a phi coefficient to a tetrachoric correlation
phi2poly.matrix | Phi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrix
phi2tetra | Convert a phi coefficient to a tetrachoric correlation
Pinv | Compute the Moore-Penrose Pseudo Inverse of a matrix
plot.irt | Plotting functions for the psych package of class "psych"
plot.poly | Plotting functions for the psych package of class "psych"
plot.poly.parallel | Scree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random "parallel" matrices
plot.psych | Plotting functions for the psych package of class "psych"
plot.reliability | Reports 7 different estimates of scale reliabity including alpha, omega, split half
plot.residuals | Plotting functions for the psych package of class "psych"
pmi | Data set testing causal direction in presumed media influence
polar | Convert Cartesian factor loadings into polar coordinates
poly.mat | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
polychor.matrix | Phi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrix
polychoric | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
polydi | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
polyserial | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
predict.psych | Prediction function for factor analysis, principal components (pca), bestScales
predicted.validity | Find the predicted validities of a set of scales based on item statistics
principal | Principal components analysis (PCA)
print.psych | Print and summary functions for the psych class
Procrustes | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
progressBar | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
Promax | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
protest | Data from the sexism (protest) study of Garcia, Schmitt, Branscome, and Ellemers (2010)
psych | A package for personality, psychometric, and psychological research
psych.misc | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package

## -- Q --

quickView | Combine calls to head and tail

## -- R --

r.con | Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
r.test | Tests of significance for correlations
r2alpha | Find two estimates of reliability: Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's Lambda 6.
r2c | Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
r2chi | Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
r2d | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
r2p | Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
r2t | Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
radar | Make "radar" or "spider" plots.
rangeCorrection | Correct correlations for restriction of range. (Thorndike Case 2)
reflect | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
Reise | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
reliability | Reports 7 different estimates of scale reliabity including alpha, omega, split half
removeMissing | Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations
rescale | Function to convert scores to "conventional " metrics
resid.psych | Extract residuals from various psych objects
residuals.psych | Extract residuals from various psych objects
response.frequencies | Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations
responseFrequency | Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations
reverse.code | Reverse the coding of selected items prior to scale analysis
RMSEA | Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation from chisq, df, and n
rmssd | Find von Neuman's Mean Square of Successive Differences
RV | Three measures of the correlations between sets of variables

## -- S --

SAPAfy | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
sat.act | 3 Measures of ability: SATV, SATQ, ACT
scaling.fits | Test the adequacy of simple choice, logistic, or Thurstonian scaling.
scatter.hist | Draw a scatter plot with associated X and Y histograms, densities and correlation
scatterHist | Draw a scatter plot with associated X and Y histograms, densities and correlation
Schmid | 12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman Transformation
schmid | Apply the Schmid Leiman transformation to a correlation matrix
schmid.leiman | 12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman Transformation
score.alpha | Score scales and find Cronbach's alpha as well as associated statistics
score.irt | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
score.irt.2 | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
score.irt.poly | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
score.items | Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations
score.multiple.choice | Score multiple choice items and provide basic test statistics
scoreBy | Find correlations of composite variables (corrected for overlap) from a larger matrix.
scoreFast | Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations
scoreIrt | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
scoreIrt.1pl | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
scoreIrt.2pl | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
scoreItems | Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations
scoreOverlap | Find correlations of composite variables (corrected for overlap) from a larger matrix.
scoreVeryFast | Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations
scoreWtd | Score items using regression or correlation based weights
scree | Plot the successive eigen values for a scree test
scrub | A utility for basic data cleaning and recoding. Changes values outside of minimum and maximum limits to NA.
SD | Find the Standard deviation for a vector, matrix, or data.frame - do not return error if there are no cases
selectFromKeys | Create a keys matrix for use by score.items or cluster.cor
sem.diagram | Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
sem.graph | Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
Sensitivity | Decision Theory measures of specificity, sensitivity, and d prime
set.cor | Multiple Regression, Canonical and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
setCor | Multiple Regression, Canonical and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
shannon | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
sim | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.anova | Simulate a 3 way balanced ANOVA or linear model, with or without repeated measures.
sim.bonds | Create a population or sample correlation matrix, perhaps with hierarchical structure.
sim.circ | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structure
sim.congeneric | Simulate a congeneric data set with or without minor factors
sim.correlation | Create correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural model
sim.dichot | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structure
sim.general | Further functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.hierarchical | Create a population or sample correlation matrix, perhaps with hierarchical structure.
sim.irt | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.item | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structure
sim.minor | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.multi | Simulate multilevel data with specified within group and between group correlations
sim.multilevel | Simulate multilevel data with specified within group and between group correlations
sim.npl | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.npn | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.omega | Further functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.parallel | Further functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly.ideal | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly.ideal.npl | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly.ideal.npn | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly.mat | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly.npl | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly.npn | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.rasch | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.simplex | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.spherical | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structure
sim.structural | Create correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural model
sim.structure | Create correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural model
sim.VSS | create VSS like data
simCor | Create correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural model
simulation.circ | Simulations of circumplex and simple structure
skew | Calculate univariate or multivariate (Mardia's test) skew and kurtosis for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
small.msq | A small example data set taken from a larger data set
smc | Find the Squared Multiple Correlation (SMC) of each variable with the remaining variables in a matrix
Specificity | Decision Theory measures of specificity, sensitivity, and d prime
spider | Make "radar" or "spider" plots.
splitHalf | Alternative estimates of test reliabiity
statsBy | Find statistics (including correlations) within and between groups for basic multilevel analyses
statsBy.boot | Find statistics (including correlations) within and between groups for basic multilevel analyses
statsBy.boot.summary | Find statistics (including correlations) within and between groups for basic multilevel analyses
structure.diagram | Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
structure.graph | Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
structure.list | Create factor model matrices from an input list
structure.sem | Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
summary.psych | Print and summary functions for the psych class
super.matrix | Form a super matrix from two sub matrices.
superCor | Form a super matrix from two sub matrices.
superMatrix | Form a super matrix from two sub matrices.

## -- T --

t2d | Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
t2r | Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
table2df | Convert a table with counts to a matrix or data.frame representing those counts.
table2matrix | Convert a table with counts to a matrix or data.frame representing those counts.
tableF | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
Tal.Or | Data set testing causal direction in presumed media influence
Tal_Or | Data set testing causal direction in presumed media influence
target.rot | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
TargetQ | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
TargetT | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
tctg | Data set testing causal direction in presumed media influence
tenberge | Alternative estimates of test reliabiity
test.all | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
test.irt | A simple demonstration (and test) of various IRT scoring algorthims.
test.psych | Testing of functions in the psych package
testReliability | Find various test-retest statistics, including test, person and item reliability
testRetest | Find various test-retest statistics, including test, person and item reliability
tetrachor | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
tetrachoric | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
Thurstone | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
thurstone | Thurstone Case V scaling
Thurstone.33 | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
Thurstone.33G | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
Thurstone.9 | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
topBottom | Combine calls to head and tail
tr | Find the trace of a square matrix
Tucker | 9 Cognitive variables discussed by Tucker and Lewis (1973)

## -- U --

unidim | Several indices of the unidimensionality of a set of variables.

## -- V --

validityItem | Find the predicted validities of a set of scales based on item statistics
varimin | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
vech | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
vgQ.bimin | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
vgQ.targetQ | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
vgQ.varimin | Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
violin | Create a 'violin plot' or density plot of the distribution of a set of variables
violinBy | Create a 'violin plot' or density plot of the distribution of a set of variables
VSS | Apply the Very Simple Structure, MAP, and other criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.
vss | Apply the Very Simple Structure, MAP, and other criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.
VSS.parallel | Compare real and random VSS solutions
VSS.plot | Plot VSS fits
VSS.scree | Plot the successive eigen values for a scree test
VSS.sim | create VSS like data
VSS.simulate | create VSS like data
vssSelect | Apply the Very Simple Structure, MAP, and other criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.

## -- W --

West | 12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman Transformation
winsor | Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
winsor.mean | Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
winsor.means | Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
winsor.sd | Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
winsor.var | Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
withinBetween | An example of the distinction between within group and between group correlations
wkappa | Find Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa coefficients for correlation of two raters

## -- Y --

Yule | From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
Yule.inv | From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
Yule2phi | From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
Yule2phi.matrix | Phi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrix
Yule2poly | From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
Yule2poly.matrix | Phi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrix
Yule2tetra | From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
YuleBonett | From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
YuleCor | From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.

## -- misc --

%+% | A function to add two vectors or matrices